Egypt
Ancient Egyptian civilization is the first found since the establishment of rights.
Origin of the name.
Egypt's name in Arabic and other Semitic languages, is derived from the root of old Sami could mean the country or simple (period), may also mean the fortified or Almknonp. Has been known to Arabs as "Egypt."
The name that was known for the Pharaohs in their home language is the KMT, which means "black earth", a euphemism for the land of the Nile Valley and the black to distinguish it from the ground Dchert red desert surrounding it.
While the Hebrew name Mizraim מִצְרַיִם mentioned in the Torah (Old Testament) to be the son of Ham the son of Noah, a grandfather who hails from the Egyptian people to the knowledge of biblical mythology (Genesis 10.6)
Names known in European languages many derived from the name in Latin Ijptos Aegyptus derived in turn from Greek Oijeptus Αίγυπτος, the name is explained by some as a derivative of the landed Ka Ptah any focus of the spirit of Ptah, the name of the Temple of Ptah, the ancient capital of Memphis, following the practice of continuous to the day in the identification between the country's name and the name of its capital.
Ancient history.
The name that was known for the Pharaohs in their home language is the KMT, which means "black earth", a euphemism for the land of the Nile Valley and the black to distinguish it from the ground Dchert red desert surrounding it.
While the Hebrew name Mizraim מִצְרַיִם mentioned in the Torah (Old Testament) to be the son of Ham the son of Noah, a grandfather who hails from the Egyptian people to the knowledge of biblical mythology (Genesis 10.6)
Names known in European languages many derived from the name in Latin Ijptos Aegyptus derived in turn from Greek Oijeptus Αίγυπτος, the name is explained by some as a derivative of the landed Ka Ptah any focus of the spirit of Ptah, the name of the Temple of Ptah, the ancient capital of Memphis, following the practice of continuous to the day in the identification between the country's name and the name of its capital.
Ancient history.
Since 250 thousand years BC. M. In prehistoric Egypt was home to primitive man, who was hunting the animals, where the region was in the far south of the Nuba in the rich grass.
Since 35 thousand years BC. M. Came to this area of desertification due to the rain stopped, which created the agricultural communities in central Egypt and the Delta in the north. The first Egyptian civilization in the region of Badari in Upper Egypt based on farming, fishing and breeding birds, livestock, pottery and mining. In the year 4000 BC. M. Irrigation systems have become a small tribal kingdoms of Egypt
And grew up around the Nile Valley and one of the first human civilizations, evolved early to state with a central government, as appeared by Mmketan Kingdom of the North and is symbolized by the Red Crown and the Kingdom of the South in the south of the borders of modern Egypt, and symbolized by the White Crown and each of the Kingdom of the king and the logo and the crown of its own but It is not known specifically the date on which grew by these two kingdoms, or any of many details from them. and the beginning of written history is the emergence of the Kingdom included the valley of the Nile from its mouth up to the waterfall capital of Memphis around 3100 BC at the hands of the king of semi-mythical known traditionally as Menes (and can be Narmer or Hor Aha) and the Standardization of his kingdom north and south Egyptian. The era of this country a comprehensive renaissance in all aspects of life, where reached by Egyptian hieroglyphs to rule after the families of the ownership of successive over three thousand years the following to be the longest States Standard Tarekhazl the ruler of Egypt when he makes a divinity since the unification of Msraam 3200 BC. M. Even the Roman occupation of Egypt.
In 2560 BC. M. King Khufu built the Great Pyramid, which has been the highest building in the world until the 13 th century.
In 1786 BC. M by the Hyksos who came to Egypt as traders and proceeding in the turbulent century before, occupying the north of Egypt and brought the horse and the wheel and a strong influence due to internal problems Bmsrovy 1560 BC. M by the Pharaoh Ahmose expelled the Hyksos and the rest of the Asian tribes, founding the modern state and the country became colonial state and took over most of the ancient world.
And of its borders at different periods regions of Syria and Nubia and parts of the Libyan Desert and northern Sudan to Egypt has become the first great power in human history, even dropped the Persians the last of those families Pharaonic the Thirtieth Dynasty in 343 BC Alexander the Great invaded Egypt * successively in the rule of Egypt after the Greeks, the Ptolemies (since 332 BC.), where the Greeks entered Egypt under Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria in 331 BC. m, which has become one of the most important capitals of the ancient world, and his successor in Egypt, the Ptolemies and the Romans in 30 BC. m.By Emperor Augustus to become Egypt later part of the empire was conquered by the Persians until ROMANIAN again for a brief moment in 618 AD, before it recovered by the Byzantines in 629 of them.
Middle history.
In 639 AD, he led the Amr Ibn El-Aas in the reign of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab army has opened an Islamic Egypt, the Romans went out of the East and the rest of North Africa, respectively.
In the ages following the exit of the Romans from Egypt successive kingdoms and states of Egypt, after the Caliphs and the Umayyad dynasty ruled the Abbasids and Ikhshidid and Ataiwlaunayn even taken from them by the Fatimids and made their capital at Cairo they founded, and so returned Ayyubid nominally to the Abbasid Caliphate, who were transferred later their capital to it after the fall of Baghdad. Came Ayyubid category of combatants slaves are the Mamluks, the stronger even ruled the country based feudal military, and continued to rule the country effectively under the nominal Abbasid Caliphate, and their continued even after he opened the Ottomans, Egypt has become an Ottoman province in 1517, and transmitted to the Ottoman Islamic caliphate.
Modern history.
Was the era of Egypt Mohamed Ali the Great, who ruled from 1805 era an important role in modernizing Egypt, and moved from the Middle Ages to modern times, and Mohammed is considered the founder of modern Egypt for his reforms covering all aspects of life in conformity with the spirit of the modern age and time, began tobuilding the army of Egypt's strong and established a military school and raised the shipbuilding industry in Bulaq and yard in Alexandria, and amends the conditions of agriculture, irrigation and established the barrages and dams, canals, and established factories and laboratories to meet the need for the military and selling the surplus to the people, and in the area of trade work of Muhammad Ali Pasha, the deployment of security for the trade routes of the Interior and the establishment of fleet of foreign trade, where trade flourished in Egypt. And the dissemination of education for the needs of government bureaucracy has created a school at different levels and specialties, and sent missions to Europe and the transfer of modern science. He also had the effect of increasing independence from the Ottoman Empire but remained subordinate to it formally, with the continued rule of his family after him, and increased political and military influence in the Middle Near to the threatened interests of the Ottoman itself. the completion of the Suez Canal March 18, 1869 increased geo-strategic position of Egypt as a conduit for transmission between the East and West, at the same time, he kept the Khedive Ismail, in his quest to modernize Egypt and expansion, annexation of parts of the country of Sudan. But in addition to the cities to spend on this European-style heaviest of the State Treasury debt to foreign financial institutions with the encouragement of the colonial powers, which forced Khedive Ismail to resign to assume the rule of Khedive Tawfiq with the continuing crisis of debt and increase foreign interference, especially from Britain. At the domestic level has increased resentment and discontent in the community of national and military officers, and was the culmination of those events revolution Orabi Pasha, which led to the conduct of Great Britain in 1882 a military campaign that captured Egypt, but remained of the Ottoman empire nominally until the eve of the First World War in 1914.
Established under British protection of Egypt and the Egyptian Sultanate was the first sultan is the Sultan Hussein Kamel (1914-1917) has set up power over Egypt after he sacked the British nephew Khedive Abbas Hilmi II and declared Egypt a British protectorate in 1914 at the beginning of the First World War. The move ended a nominal Ottoman sovereignty over Egypt, and notes that the title of "Sultan" is the same as the title of the head of the Ottoman Empire, then came to power after him Fouad first title authority Egypt until 1922 and changed his title to the king of the Egyptian Kingdom.
Property.
Established under British protection of Egypt and the Egyptian Sultanate was the first sultan is the Sultan Hussein Kamel (1914-1917) has set up power over Egypt after he sacked the British nephew Khedive Abbas Hilmi II and declared Egypt a British protectorate in 1914 at the beginning of the First World War. The move ended a nominal Ottoman sovereignty over Egypt, and notes that the title of "Sultan" is the same as the title of the head of the Ottoman Empire, then came to power after him Fouad first title authority Egypt until 1922 and changed his title to the king of the Egyptian Kingdom.
Property.
In 1922 Egypt became independent from the United Kingdom, Fuad I and the title of Sultan of Egypt in 1922 to the king of the Egyptian Kingdom.
The country has witnessed since 1923 the life of a political pluralism and liberal, but turned against the officers of the Egyptian army in 1952 to King Farouk I and forced him to relinquish the infant son Ahmed Fouad II, and announced that the Republic on June 18, 1953.
Republic.
Revolution led by Muhammad Naguib July 23, 1952. Which has many of the tasks of the most important version of the agrarian reform law, established the first five-year plan for economic and social development in the history of Egypt in 1960 and try to develop industry and production has been established the High Dam from 1960 to 1970 and help the country in the field of education, health, construction, reconstruction and agriculture. In the field of foreign policy has worked to promote the July Revolution of colonial liberation movements have also taken the policy of positive neutrality, a fundamental principle in foreign policy.
Israel in the June 5, 1967 attack on Egypt, Syria and Jordan and occupied the Sinai and the Golan Heights and the West Bank of Jordan * resulted in Israel's occupation of the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt's entry into the war of attrition with Israel, which Astmmermt until August 7, 1970, died of Gamal Abdel Nasser in the September 28, 1970, leaving his deputy Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat, a heavy legacy of political problems, Sadat assumed the presidency of the republic and to work on resolving the problems of the State of Interior and the preparation of Egypt to fight a new war with Israel in cooperation with Syria. On October 6, 1973 at exactly two pm, carried out the Egyptian armed forces and the armed forces of the Syrian Arab attack simultaneously on Israeli forces in each of the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights which is known as the October War or Yom Kippur war. The war began on the Egyptian front air strike launched by the Egyptian Air Force against the Israeli forces, and Egyptian forces crossed the East to the West and raised the Egyptian flag.
Income Anwar Sadat in the settlement of Arab-Israeli conflict to find a chance of lasting peace in the Middle East, he agreed to a treaty of peace made by Israel (Camp David) in March 26, 1979 with the participation of the United States after that paved the visit of President Sadat to Israel in 1977, Israel withdrew from the semi-completely in the Sinai Peninsula, April 25, 1982 with the withdrawal tape to keep the Taba border and came back to the Egyptian government that the tape later, at the arbitration, which was in the International Court of Justice later.
In October 6th, 1981, Sadat was assassinated in a military parade on the occasion of the anniversary of the October War, and he led the assassination, Khalid al-a member of the Organization of Islamic Jihad, which was strongly opposed to the peace agreement with Israel. Sadat's successor, Vice-President Mohammed Hosni Mubarak. In October 1981, took over the presidency of Hosni Mubarak, Arab Republic of Egypt, a referendum after the People's Assembly nominated him.
Policy.
The Republic in Egypt in July 23, 1952 under the chairmanship of Mohamed Naguib as the first President of the Republic of Egypt and his successor, then ousted by Gamal Abdel Nasser of the Revolutionary Command Council and took office and the appointment of the Prime Minister by the President of the Republic.
Although the State is supposed to be organized as a system of multiple parties, a semi-presidential distributed the power between the President and the Prime Minister and devotes chapter between the authorities of three; legislative, executive and judicial, but that power is concentrated effectively in the hands of the President, who will be chosen in elections. Held last presidential elections in September 2005 and won by President Hosni Mubarak ahead of its nearest rival, Ayman Nour, the leader of tomorrow. are also held in the Republic of Egypt's legislative elections, multiple parties for the election of deputies of the people, change the election system, where several times, also differed with regard to allowing for independents to run.
Took place last legislative elections in November 2005 following the presidential election. Accompanied each of the presidential and legislative elections mobility of a major political reunification categories were reluctant to political participation and a fraction "brief" for the political stagnation that perched on Egypt for decades because of the dominance of the National Democratic Party, and still work valid emergency law since 1981, although a large proportion of people are still reluctant to political participation which is reflected more in the local elections in 2008 that the government was postponed by two years. directed many of the criticisms by human rights organizations and the organizations formal and informal of the regime with respect to democracy and freedom of opinion and expression and freedom of religion and faith and the persecution of minorities.
Although the State is supposed to be organized as a system of multiple parties, a semi-presidential distributed the power between the President and the Prime Minister and devotes chapter between the authorities of three; legislative, executive and judicial, but that power is concentrated effectively in the hands of the President, who will be chosen in elections. Held last presidential elections in September 2005 and won by President Hosni Mubarak ahead of its nearest rival, Ayman Nour, the leader of tomorrow. are also held in the Republic of Egypt's legislative elections, multiple parties for the election of deputies of the people, change the election system, where several times, also differed with regard to allowing for independents to run.
Took place last legislative elections in November 2005 following the presidential election. Accompanied each of the presidential and legislative elections mobility of a major political reunification categories were reluctant to political participation and a fraction "brief" for the political stagnation that perched on Egypt for decades because of the dominance of the National Democratic Party, and still work valid emergency law since 1981, although a large proportion of people are still reluctant to political participation which is reflected more in the local elections in 2008 that the government was postponed by two years. directed many of the criticisms by human rights organizations and the organizations formal and informal of the regime with respect to democracy and freedom of opinion and expression and freedom of religion and faith and the persecution of minorities.
