Flag of Egypt

          Flag of Egypt

The ancient Egyptians considered the oldest nation in the history of human use of banners and flags as a national symbol to a symbol of the Egyptian nation where there are temples in the Egyptian inscriptions indicate their use of banners and flags of Egypt in the celebrations and wars. 
Current Egyptian flag was adopted in October 4th, 1984 and consists of three equal rectangles cross and a length of his weak, which is in the order of colors 
Red Top : red is the color of the glow, the strongest and most colors for an expression of strength and hope and sunshine and progress and also to symbolize the blood of the martyrs. 
White in the middle : color expresses the purity and serenity. 
Black at the bottom: reflects the ages of backwardness and despotism and colonialism, which is gone forever is a reminder for generations to these difficult days in which grandparents fought against injustice and wrong. 

And the rectangle in the East wing have embraced Eagle gold color and the center of the chest shield flag is Egypt. This eagle is a symbol of the Ayyubid state since the days of Saladin. This eagle looks to the direction of science base to denote the protection of land and reflects the strength of Egypt and the civilizations.

Egyptian history flag

Ottoman flag.

A flag of the Ottoman Empire in the mid-nineteenth century and that Egypt was the mandate of the subsidiary at the time. 

In the era of Muhammad Ali from 1826 until 1867.

During the reign of Muhammad Ali was the Egyptian flag is the same as the Ottoman flag, but that he was carrying from the beginning of a five star parties to distinguish it from the Ottoman flag. It seems that this star is derived from the format defined by the Egyptians since the ancient ages of civilization. This was the difference in the number of parties to the star is the only way to distinguish between the Egyptian fleet and the Turkish fleet during the siege of European support of the Ottomans against Muhammad Ali of the Egyptian ports. 
In addition, Muhammad Ali making a difference to the army for their flag, and the flags of white silk embroidered verses from the Koran and the verse numbers canes. It was one of the manifestations of interest Mohammed Ali science: (document science), which was recited at the receipt of each of the verses Alai army to his knowledge. 

Flag of Khedive Ismail of 1867 until 1882 and from 1914 until 1923.

The Khedive Ismail, a huge step in the way of a flag of an independent Egypt when it is not aware of Mohammed Ali in 1867 and was replaced by the note of the red The three crescents of white in front of each star of white with five parties and this was the crescent and three stars symbolize Egypt, Nubia and Sudan or to the victory of the Egyptian armies in the era of Muhammad Ali in three continents (Africa - Europe - Asia) and continued this science used in Egypt to 1882. 
When Britain occupied the country in 1882 returned to the old flag Ottoman Egypt remained a second note it officially until 1914. 
In 1914 declared a British protectorate over Egypt and ended the association with the Ottoman Empire, was called before the political changes of this particular selection flag of Egypt, Khedive Ismail was re-flag again as a science official of the Sultanate of Egypt until 1923. 
Was aware of Khedive Ismail, who came out in masses beneath the glorious revolution of 1919, which wrapped coffins of thousands of martyrs who were killed in the revolution shot dead by the British. 
Produced the 1919 revolution, along with the Egyptian flag the official flag, which carries a crescent embrace the cross, which became a symbol of the 1919 revolution, whose motto "God, religion and the homeland for all." 

Royal Flag of 1923-1958.

He knows the National Science, a green flag with white crescent and three stars. It was adopted in December 10, 1923 after the issuance of a statement February 28, 1922 and Egypt's transition to a free and independent kingdom. 
Which is one of the flags brought by the people in the revolution of 1919. 
The green color in the flag symbolizes the green valley and delta, and a symbol of Islam, which condemns its majority in Egypt. While the three stars indicates the three parts that make up the Kingdom of Egypt, namely, Egypt, Nubia and the Sudan, Egypt or the people of the three religions which are Islam, Christianity and Judaism. 
Under this flag the Egyptian people fought all his battles against the British occupation after the revolution of 1919, it is a science that people raised in their protests and cited Abd al-Hakam, a surgical carried by the year 1935. And lifting of students and workers in 1946, Wolf coffins of the martyrs of the channel in the battles of 1951 and 1952. 
He who raised the flag on the base of the channel after the evacuation of British forces them into a building and subsequently nationalized the Suez Canal. 
And fought under which the people in Port Said, his battle against the tripartite aggression of 1956 during the reign of Gamal Abdel Nasser.

 
Science editor from 1952 to 1958.

Science or science editor of the Free Officers, which was a symbol of the Revolution of July 23, has been used for the first time in celebration of 6 months on the movement of military science of the Editorial Board and the Revolution, and Astmervi work next to the green flag with white crescent and three stars. 
And Huallm with three colors (red, white and black) and strikethrough emblem of the Republic Eagle, but Eagle broad shape and has a shield green contain a crescent white and three stars were carved eagle in the Council Chamber of the nation which has now become the People's Assembly and struck coins and an inscription that Eagle Broadband. 
The three colors of the science derived from the badges carried by army officers on their chests to refer to battles fought, but has become a significant new colors later. Where the colors become a symbol to: 
1 - Red revolution. 
2 - White to the New Testament, peace, freedom and prosperity. 
3 - black to the former regime, colonialism and the enemies of the revolution. 
The development of the Eagle Broadband after President Nasser in 1954. And the back of its evolution which is similar to Eagle this afternoon, just as in coins and commemorative to 1971 

Flag of the United Arab Republic from 1958 to 1971.

Following the announcement of a federation between Egypt and Syria to change the name of "Republic of Egypt" to the United Arab Republic and became the South refers to Egypt, and the Northern Territory refer to Syria and replace the eagle in the flag to star Khmaozde Khaddaruwan reference to Egypt and Syria.Egyptian flag remained so until after the disengagement, 1961.Although the Eagle developer is similar to a current state seal and motto and inscription of their currencies and cash, memorials, and differed only for the content of the shield carrying the flag of Egypt lengthwise and strikethrough Alndjemtan Alkhaddrawan Alkhmasitan. 
With the transformation of this knowledge to the attention of the State of the Unit became the note Tguetbsa many Arab countries, and became a contender for the information note of the Great Arab Revolt of all three colors green, white and black, which is derived from many countries of the Orient flag. 

Flag of the Arab Republic of Egypt from 1972 to 1984. 

After the death of President Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1970 and his deputy, Anwar Sadat's rule and the establishment of the Federation of Arab Republics with Libya and Syria were replaced Alndjemtan in the Egyptian flag hawk theme of this Union and hit the currency class twenty pounds with the same logo and became the logo and seal the state in all securities transactions and official until 1984, after President Hosni Mubarak came to power three years in the Egyptian flag returned again to the eagle logo (eagle of Saladin), and was for four years before (1954 to 1958) 
Which is a science, which fought the Egyptian army Hrb October 6, 1973 below, and rose on the east bank of the Canal and the Sinai after the departure of Israeli forces. 

Pyramids of Giza

                     Pyramids of Giza                        

Pyramids of Giza pyramids of Egypt or Giza Plateau is located in the governorate of Giza in Egypt on the west bank of the Nile River was built by about 25 centuries BC, about 2480-2550 BC. M, which is about three are the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure.

Al-Ahram is a cemetery ownership of each of them bears the name of the king who built and buried it after his death, and building the pyramid here is the stage of the evolution of building tombs in ancient Egypt, which started in a hole that small turned into a chamber under the ground and then to a few rooms topped by a terrace and then evolved to take the form of pyramid by architect Imhotep, the Minister of Pharaoh Djoser in the Third Dynasty pyramid found in the necropolis of Saqqara, followed by the attempts of the king Bent founder of the Fourth Dynasty to build a pyramid full, but the back of pyramids is Salimi shape and are located at Dahshur one flat base and the other took the form smaller after half size, and was able to engineer Hmeono engineer to reach King Cheops pyramid shape of the ideal and the construction of the pyramid of Cheops at Giza area of 13 acres and was followed by a pyramid of Khafre and Menkaure.

Many people believe that the greatness of the pyramid lies in a constructive way, in fact, to talk this part of the health pyramid biggest example is the Mount industrial weighing six million five hundred thousand tons, which is made of stones, each weighing twelve tons, and these stones Court Paving and settings to a half a millimeter, and this really deserves all the admiration for the ancient Egyptian civilization, but it is much larger, is one of the largest pyramid puzzles that have faced since the beginning of human civilization. Has claimed a lot of people that just a cemetery luxury of the king (Cheops), but modern scientists now believe that this is an object of ridicule, has been building the Great Pyramid for the purpose of a higher and greater than that much evidence for this is that the facts amazing enjoy this great edifice, whichcollected by Charles Smith in the famous book (our heritage at the Great Pyramid) in 1864, as the high pyramid multiplied by one billion is equal to 14.967 million km, the distance between the Earth and the sun, the orbit that passes from the center of the pyramid divides the continents of the world into two equal halves completely, and that the basis of the pyramid divided by twice the height gives us a number (for Odolf) famous (3.14) and is located in the calculators, and elements of the pyramid of four heading to the four directions in the accuracy of so amazing that some scientists objected days under the pretext of the existence of angle deviation are few cardinal, but after the discovery of modern electronic equipment to measure proved to be corners of the pyramid is the most correct and accurate.

As for the pyramid of the pharaoh of Kaora famous Bmenkera, the scientists observed that it contains a gap small circular to a maximum diameter of 20 cm and enables archaeologists to know the secret of the existence of the gap after noticing a very accurate, as it was found that sunlight entering through the gap, one day only in the year on the tomb of the pharaoh Kaora completely and even odder that this day is consistent with the gala birthday of the pharaoh.

King Khufu's pyramid.

Behind "Khufu" his father, Bent, and his mother is the Queen "Hetepheres first", and Cheops is an acronym for "Khnum Kho F Oye" (ie, Khnum is the one who protect me), and is remembered for Khufu that it is the builder of the greatest on the face of the earth, the Great Pyramid Giza, the only remaining and the miracle of the seven ancient wonders of the world, that greatness is not due only to the magnitude of the building, but to the internal layout of the arbitrator and the impressive .. The pyramid is built around the cemetery with small pyramids for his wives and his mother "Hetepheres", in addition to the graves in the form of terraces for members of the royal family and senior staff. Launched on the pyramid of King Khufu's name "sister" of Cheops Cheops any horizon .. And for the religious changes that have occurred in his time .. Stedelman has made it clear that Cheops had left for the Egyptian religion and proclaimed himself a god.  
Sabotage the pyramid.

Did not hand over the pyramid of the King, "Khufu" of destruction over the ages, he noted, "Diodore Althagli" to the top of the Great Pyramid and that there is a platform with a width of about 3 meters and centimeters meters, and the top of the pyramid is not a platform but epipyramis which was probably covered with gold, which has already destroyed part of the clothing as well, and there has also been the dismantling of the pyramid's stones in the era of Sultan Salahuddin and used in the construction of dams, and during the reign of Sultan Hassan used the stone blocks of the pyramid to build a mosque and was followed by others to do so. 
Fence surrounding the pyramid.

Surrounding the pyramid of King Khufu wall remnants still exist in the far eastern and northern sides, and is located at a distance of 20.10 m from the base of the pyramid. 

Risk.

Warns a number of experts, including Zahi Hawass, head of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities of the risk of urban sprawl of shanty areas in Giza and the paving of roads or tunnels near the area. Had already been the Egyptian government had already begun in the mid-nineties hard highway near the pyramids, but the anger and the threat of UNESCO removal of the Pyramids of the World Heritage List to make the Egyptian president ordered to stop road project, and calls upon the Ministry of Housing to build a tunnel south of the pyramids but the 

Egyptian Ministry of Culture and the Supreme Council of Antiquities reject the project prompted Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak to seek the opinion of UNESCO on the issue. 

Egypt's economy

                                                  Egypt's economy

The Egyptian economy and one of the most economies of the Middle East diverse, with participation by the sectors of agriculture, industry, tourism and services at rates almost comparable in the Egyptian economy. The economy of Egypt mainly on agriculture, and entered the Suez Canal, tourism, taxation, cultural production and media, oil and remittances of foreign labor from more than 3 million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf region such as the United Arab Emirates are remittances as a resource for the economy There is also Egyptian in the United States of America, Europe and Australia.
Development of Egyptian economy.
Over the Egyptian economy, a number of stages since 1952, began the first phase in 1952 and continued until 1960, and dominated by a number of economic policies are in the direction of the redistribution of resources, through the intervention of the State is clear in economic activity, and the most prominent of these policies, the agrarian reform law In September 1952, and the trend to industrialization to absorb more employment and create a "Permanent Council for the development of national production" late the same year, and the start of direct government investment through the Iron and Steel Company in 1954, and the nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956.

With the growing trend of state intervention began to plan through the creation of the National Planning Commission in 1957 instead of the Council of national production.
In 1960 began the second phase, called the stage of comprehensive planning and continued until 1966, and was the most important features of economic planning national, global and application Socialist, was to start the first five-year plan a comprehensive 60-1965 based implementation of the economic sector commander attributed several policies notably socialist laws, limiting the hours employment, wages and regulate the relationship between landlord and tenant and intervention in setting prices, have resulted in that stage for achieving a growth rate of 38% during the five-year plan. In 1967 began the third phase of economic development of Egypt is the stage of the war economy, where the economy suffered from the problem of financing the plan and policies have been serving the ready to liberate the land of Egyptian territory, and military expenditure increased from 5.5% of GDP in 1962 to 10% in 1967, then to 20 % in 1973. The fourth phase began in 1974 with the introduction of economic openness, has been causing a radical shift in economic systems and policies, and the most prominent features of this phase transition from a system of comprehensive planning, and replace it with programs annually in the form of plans, animated, and the use of capital-Arab and foreign investment in development through the laws of economic openness , has been a high growth rate during that period came to 9.8% but was associated with growth in service sectors without productivity. Was initiated in the other stage is the stage to return to planning comprehensive national (1982 - 1990), and continue to walk in the policy of economic openness and investment promotion, economic development was at the top of this project, so the call to hold economic conference in February 1982 to determine where and how to start the process of development in Egypt.
During the conference specialists agreed on the importance of a development strategy ambitious and sustained through the five-year plans, which began in 1982. Have I left the development process in the first phase of building a strong infrastructure, and debt rescheduling, as well as to intensify the shift towards a market economy, and most important of which abolish the system of central planning and replace it in a manner indicative planning, and reconsider the priorities of the plan, and reducing the role of the public sector gradually, and the transition to the private sector while maintaining the state's role in macroeconomic management so as to ensure price stability and external balance and fairness in the distribution and the prevention of monopoly and the transition from the manufacturing phase for the replacement of imports to the stage of manufacturing for export.
The results of economic and financial performance to improve significantly during the outgoing fiscal year and the first quarter of the year 2007 / 2008, the Egyptian economy achieved a growth rate of 7.1%, rising GDP at factor cost of production to 684.4 billion pounds.
The year 2007 witnessed the introduction of five-year plan 2007/2012, which aimed at achieving an annual growth rate of 8% and reducing inflation rate to 5% by the end of the plan. The same year also saw the rise of public revenues and grants increased by 19.1% to reach LE 180.2 billion increased tax revenues by about 16.9% to reach 114.3 billion pounds as revenues rose, non-fiscal year of 23.2% to reach 65.9 billion pounds and total income taxes in the last financial year 58.5, up 21.3% from 2006, also increased the outcome of tax sales by 13.7% to reach 39.4 billion pounds, also increased customs revenues by about 7.4% to reach 10.4 billion pounds due to the increase in imports also increased spending on wages and salaries increased by 11.6% to reach 52.1 billion pounds and increased item-supported grants and social benefits to 58.4 billion pounds, down overall deficit from 9.2% to 7.5% of the GDP. 
The main sources of the Egyptian economy.
    * Remittances from Egyptians working in foreign countries (and is working in Saudi Arabia and the United States ranking first and second respectively

    * Returns the tourism sector (The tourists from Saudi Arabia in particular and the Persian Gulf the first place on the export of Arab tourists to Egypt and European countries, led by Rossiaoiitalia, Germany)

  * Exports of petroleum products (and a gas export a major part of them) and transit charges in the Suez Canal (exchange oil and the Suez Canal arrangement according to the third and fourth years of the study)
At the level of national income has grown in recent years, the telecommunications sector dramatically to become the service sector, especially tourism, and telecommunications are the largest contributor to the gross national product in addition to agriculture and the industrial sector, a garment industry is a key part of the output of the industrial sector as well as food and beverage industry, assembly industries developing new .
Completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resulting lake built by Gamal Abdel Nasser select the arable land in Egypt.

Fought the government in order to prepare the economy for the new millennium through economic reform and massive investment in telecommunications, construction infrastructure, natural country is receiving aid from the United States (since 1979 the total aid to $ 2.2 billion in the year, more than half of which is for military aid is to reduce economic aid annually based on a decision of the U.S. Congress).
As for tax reforms started since 2005 in order to constitute an important income for the Egyptian economy. Economic conditions in Egypt show promising many things as it is the first country in the Arab world, exports to countries in the world in addition to increasing revenues from tourism and a booming stock market. In the annual report was considered the International Monetary Fund Egypt, a country high in the world that assumes that economic reforms, however, the current conditions do not bode so many of the Egyptians and the international institutions, think that the pace of these reforms is slow in the annual report of the countries for attracting investment Egypt came 165 out of 175 State and ranked 77 in the States that apply the policy of transparency. And have achieved "the Stock Exchange Egyptian" in 2005 marked a growth of 146% - achieved index "Hermes" 131.7% this year - and then turned out to be a loss of 15.42% by the end of the month of February 2006, The benchmark "market of Cairo and Alexandria FINANCIAL "grew by 104% (U.S. dollar) during the period between February 2002 and February 2006 thanks to high oil prices.

And occupied the "National Bank of Egypt" in fourth place among the top 50 Arab bank in 2005 in terms of assets with total assets of $ 26 billion, while solving each of the "Bank of Cairo" and "Bank of Alexandria" and "Misr International Bank" in the top 29.34, 50 assets with a total of 8, 6.6 and 3 billion dollars, respectively. And in terms of profit solution, "National Societe Generale Bank" in the center 38 a profit of $ 86 million, while solving the "National Bank of Egypt" and "Misr International Bank" at the bottom, 42, 47, a profit of $ 55 and $ 29 million, respectively, and the beginning of the year 2008: Egypt in the tunnel hyper-inflation, especially in food prices and the worsening phenomenon of bread queues, resulting in some of the unrest and strikes as events Mahalla al-Kubra
Sectors of the Egyptian economy.
Foreign Economic Relations on the path to further liberalization of trade through membership in the WTO, and participation in several regional economic groupings and international organizations such as the Partnership Agreement with the European Union, the Convention on trade facilitation Arab effort to establish the Arab common market, and COMESA, and the European Union African, and a group of Agadir, and the Group of Fifteen developing countries, and the Group of Eight Islamic, in addition to several bilateral free trade agreements with many other countries. Agriculture. Agricultural exports are an important source of national income, has experienced continuous growth, where the rising value of agricultural exports of 471 million pounds in the early eighties to about 6.79 billion pounds in the third millennium.
The agricultural exports witnessed a remarkable development during the last five years, comes at the forefront of Egyptian agricultural exports, exports of raw cotton.

With a crop of rice first place in the Egyptian agricultural exports by about 40% of total exports, Egypt's exports of potatoes and fresh oranges,

second and third places in the list of Egypt's agricultural exports (excluding raw cotton).

The EU market at the forefront of the markets receiving Egyptian exports to accommodate 42% of total exports. Production rose quantitative plant well, where production reached a group of grain crops 22.9 million tons and 20.31 million tons of vegetables, and fruits, 8.9 million tons, and a group Fiber 821 thousand tonnes, and oilseeds Group 328 thousand tons.

Industry.  Egypt witnessed an industrial boom in the 19 th century at the hands of "Muhammad Ali", who saw his time to establish a major manufacturing base, including the textile industry and sugar industry and the era of oil and rice mills and prospered military industries has been the establishment of an arsenal of industries ships and factories for the preparation of chemicals.
With the beginning of the century atheist twenty Egypt began stage of advancement of the Egyptian industry and boost the competitiveness of Egyptian products and modernizing the Egyptian industry within the framework of an integrated program contributes to raise exports to actively join in the global economy, in addition to providing an appropriate environment for industrial activity and trade to encourage the private sector to carry out the primary role in achieving economic development. Represents the industry lagging in terms of importance to the national economy of Egypt, it comes on top of economic sectors in terms of its contribution to GDP (about 17.5% in 2005-2006), in addition to its relationship with filigree strong with many productive and service sectors, as well as role in the development of foreign trade and improving the balance of payments. The contribution of the industrial sector in GDP to 275.3 billion pounds, the private sector contributed about 223.9 billion pounds, up 81.3% and public sector contributed about 51.5 billion pounds, up 18.7%. Recent years have seen a gradual increase in the total Egyptian industrial exports, which increased the total value of exports from 13.8 billion dollars in 2004/2005, to reach 22 billion dollars in 2006/2007
Energy. The oil industry in Egypt has historical roots from the era of the Pharaohs, where the drawings on the walls of temples show that the Pharaohs used crude oil as fuel for lighting the oil lamp.

However is not the first geological survey in Egypt only in the nineteenth century by a French naval officer in 1835. In 1886, the Egyptian government to dig the first well in the Eastern Desert, the well was producing about 25 barrels per day. Natural gas was the first discovery in Egypt by the Egyptian International Company for Petroleum in the Abu Madi in 1969.
The oil industry actually began in Egypt in 1956, when a law was passed establishing the General Organization for Petroleum Affairs. In March 1973 was the establishment of the Ministry of Petroleum as an independent ministry, to initiate and regulate the oil industry in Egypt. Since 1981, oil now represents one of the fundamental pillars of the economy, and an important source of income sources of the Egyptian national.
Estimated total production of crude oil and condensate and natural gas and LPG at about 1458 million tons equivalent. There is no doubt that this period was a major challenge for the petroleum sector for the continuation of valuable production rates and to maintain levels, has made the oil sector higher rate him a valuable history valuable in 2007/2008 where it reached about 76 million tons equivalent was most valuable gas production at about 42.9 million tons EQ.
Communication and Information. Smart Village, which is created from the most prominent features of the power of the Egyptian.

telecommunications sector. Egypt was chosen as the best state provide outsourcing services in the world. This sector is active and added to the state treasury, according to government figures, a billion dollars, the Egyptian government expect significant growth in this sector to reach $ 20 billion in 2020.

Provinces of economic power.
    * Damietta considered to be of valuable forces of the country's economy, as there are the following industries
Furniture - Fishing Vessels - Yachts Tourism - yarn and fabric - Dairy - Desserts - Fishing - canned fish - Agriculture
    * Canal Governorates valuable economy depends on the Suez Canal and the maritime trade
    * South Sinai, Red Sea, Luxor and Aswan, dependent on tourism
Unemployment. The number of unemployed in Egypt 2.135 million people in 2007 according to a report issued by the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics.

egypt1

                                egypt1                              

Geography.

Egypt covers an area of about one million 

square kilometers; 96% of the area of desert and 4% of the area fit for cultivation of any agricultural activity and 35 000 sq km. 
Terrain: Arab Republic of Egypt is divided geographically into four main sections: 
The Nile Valley and Delta: An area of about (33 thousand km 2) approximately, from the north of Wadi Halfa to the Mediterranean Sea; and is divided into Nubia extended from Wadi Halfa to Aswan, followed by level (Upper Egypt) to the south of Cairo, Delta (Lower Egypt) from the north of Cairo to the Mediterranean coast, which is confined between the two branches of the Nile, Damietta and Rosetta; the two remaining sections of several branches and other estuaries of the Nile found in previous eras. 
In the far south of the country there is Lake Nasser (Lake Nubia or the High Dam Lake), an artificial lake created as a result of the High Dam at Aswan. In the north-west are found in Fayoum, Lake Karun is one of the largest natural lakes in the country,

 located on the Mediterranean coast and shallow lakes are downloaded and Burullus and Mariot, as well as swamps Messahtaha are dwindling as a result of human activity since ancient times, albeit accelerated recently. 
Western Sahara:

running around (680 thousand km 2), exactly the part located within the borders of Egypt-Saharan Africa, extending between the Nile Valley in the east to the western border, and the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the southern border, and is divided into: 
Section includes the northern coastal plain, the northern plateau and the lowlands, which includes the Siwa Oasis, Qattara Depression, Wadi El-Natron and the Bahariya Oasis 
Section includes the southern oases of Farafra, Kharga, Dakhla, Paris and at the extreme south-Owainat. 
Eastern Desert:. an area of about (225 thousand km 2) extends between the Nile Valley to the west and the Red Sea and the Sinai Peninsula in the east, and the limits of the Delta as far north as the southern borders of Egypt. Span length of the Red Sea mountain range reaches a height of about 3000 feet above sea level, which is rich in natural resources from various ores. 
Sinai Peninsula:.

an area of about (61 thousand km 2) is the Asian part of Egypt and 6% of Egypt's area is in the form of a triangle base tangent of the Mediterranean Sea north and head to the south between the Gulf of Suez to the west and Aqaba in the east, and divided in terms of terrain, to: 
Southern Section: consists of rugged mountains Geranettip high, including Mount Katherine altitudes 2640 meters above sea level, the highest in Egypt by the snow and falling like the rest of the mountains of southern Sinai mountains and some of the Red Sea in winter four Bshahurh December, January and February and March. 

Section East: the Central Highlands and is divided into plateau wilderness in the north and descend Oaudettha towards the Mediterranean gradually declining, and the Golan kernel to Aljtob, has been the practice to designate the entire region Plateau wilderness, such as a name larger and months on the whole and the region is city sift the heavily fortified by pilgrims old and enjoyed by the City of palms sweltering continental winter where temperatures can reach the micro-to 9 - zero centigrade. 
Northern Section: Tina easy, the area between the Mediterranean in the north and south plateau labyrinth is a flat plain abound where water resources resulting from the rain waters that descend from the southern highlands and the central plateaus. 
Climate prevailing in the country is desert and semi-desert, while the Mediterranean climate prevails in the north coast, and tropical in the far south. 
Population. 

 Focus of most of the population of Egypt in the Nile Valley, particularly in the cities Kabrtin, Greater Cairo, which nearly a quarter of the population and Alexandria; also live most of the remaining population in the Delta and on both coasts of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea and Suez Canal cities. 
The number of Egyptians inside and outside the country nearly 76 million people in the census in 2009 
An increase of 24.37% from the 1996 census. Of whom 72 million and 579 thousand and 30 people at home and abroad, three million. Of the population of the country's 30 million and 949 thousand people from urban areas, 41 million live in rural areas and 629 thousand and 341 people. The rate of population increase in recent years by about 1,3%. 
Occupy Egypt Sort sixteenth worldwide in terms of population and the third Africa after Nigeria and Ethiopia in terms of population size and arrangement cent and twenty-four worldwide in terms of population density is the most populous Arab country, playing the Egyptians traditionally migration from their homeland, but that from the seventies of the twentieth century and as a result of the emergence of Oil revenues in the Gulf and make it available from the demand for labor in the countries of Persian Gulf, Iraq and Libya began increasing numbers of the population, especially of young people in the exodus out of the country either temporarily to work in the oil-producing countries and either permanently reside in the United States, Canada, Australia and the European Union ; and in accordance with permit systems and immigration regulations applicable in those countries. There are no accurate statistics of the real number of Egyptians outside the home, but estimate their number is between four and five million people, there are two-thirds in the Arab countries as casual laborers, while the remaining third there in the Diaspora and those are the migration of permanent migrants. 
The average population density in Egypt, 63 people / km ², where they are in the area of the Nile Valley and Delta 900 inhabitants / km ² (98% of the total population to 4% of the country, one of the highest population densities in the world, and is expected to reach the population of Egypt if continued to increase at the current pace in 2017 to 86 million people, is in the order in per cent and twenty-seven of the world where population density. 
Composition of the population 
The majority of the population of Egypt from the Egyptians and the estimated proportion of 99.4% of the total population (2006) Egypt is set up any overall population is a multi-ethnic, assets and merge with each other socially and culturally, from this ethnic Nubians in the south, the Beja Red Sea mountains, Arab and Bedouin nomads in the Sinai, as well as Armenians , Greeks, Italians, Turks, Circassians, Albanians, Roma and French numbers varied throughout the ages. 
Language 

Arabic is the official language in the country, and the mother tongue of the overwhelming majority of the population, which is spoken local dialect the dialect of a range of varieties varies according to regions, and more varieties common is the tone of Cairo, which has spread all over the country because of education and the language of the elite economic and political, it is also understandable throughout the Arabic-speaking world because of cultural influence and media. Throughout history, the Egyptians spoke languages belonging to the Afro-Asian family, ranging from the ancient Egyptian language, different dialects, through the form later, a Coptic language and access to Arabic after the Arab conquest and the spread of Islam. 
Nubians speak two languages from a family of languages Nubian Kush, also speaks Alsiuyon Alsewep Amazigh language, and speaks Alababdp Alepesharion and languages of the family of Beja, also found groups of Roma language spoken Aledumari. 
In addition to what has already been found in different historical periods in endemic communities of Armenians in Egypt Egypt, Turks, Greeks, Italians, spoke their own language. 
English as the language spoken on the tongues of many citizens and taught at all levels of education in government schools, and there are schools that provide instruction in foreign languages curricula. 
Religions 
According to the Permanent Constitution of 1971, the official state religion is Islam and condemned by the majority of the population of Egypt. There are no specific ratios of the followers of beliefs to Egypt, where they left off the official statistics from the remembrance of the Egyptian population followers of religions and sects. 
Over the historical statistics of the Egyptian population censuses were estimated at an average rate of 94% Muslims and Christians at an average rate of 6% until 1986, when census was the last official census numbers say the followers of different religions in Egypt 
Religious institutions 

In Egypt there are two institutions Denecan of the oldest and most important institutions for the debt which represents all of them: 

Al-Azhar, which was built by the Fatimids to spread the Ismaili doctrine in North Africa, before it converts Saladin to the University of Sunni Arab to become one of the most important pillars of Sunni Islam in the world, Shaykh al-Azhar is currently Sheikh Dr. Ahmed Al-Tayeb former head of Al-Azhar University and Dar al-Ifta Fatwa, which was founded in 1895, which headed by Grand Mufti of Egypt, and assumed that position now, Sheikh Ali Gomaa. 
Coptic Orthodox Church, one of the oldest Christian churches in the world and one of the first five churches, the Church of Alexandria is the headquarters sits on the throne of St. Mark, a Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of Saint Mark Episcopate, and the current Pope Shenouda III is. 
Climate 

Egypt is located in the dry tropical region, except within the northern temperate zone in the greenhouse climate Mediterranean Region, which is characterized by heat and drought in the summer months and moderate in winter and spring with little rain fall increasingly on the coast. 
Annual average temperature in Lower Egypt, Winter 20 degrees Celsius during the day and 10 C at night and in summer the average temperature is approximately 35 degrees Celsius in the daytime and 23 degrees Celsius at night; In Upper Egypt, average maximum temperature in winter to 25 C and micro- 8 ° C either in the summer, average maximum temperature to 41 ° C either Minor up to 24 degrees Celsius almost. 
Consists of frost on the middle of the Sinai peninsula and on the plantations in central Egypt winter, while snow falls in winter on the mountains of Sinai and some coastal cities such as: Baltim, Damietta, and Alexandria, Sidi Brani. 
Administrative division 

Arab Republic of Egypt is divided administratively into 29 governorates (provinces combined) include the city mayor is the administrative handling of Luxor. This division replaced the division of districts established by Napoleon Bonaparte after the French campaign on Egypt and Mohammed Ali after preservation in Egypt is the peak of the pyramid of administrative divisions, which includes five levels (province, center, city, district (in the cities divided into districts into sections, and chiefdoms) , village), each headed by a governor appointed by the President of the Republic.Most of the provinces beyond the population density thousand people per square kilometer, while the less densely populated provinces in the three largest space for only Nsmtin per square kilometer. 
Provinces are either urban profile, or a mix between urban and rural areas, and to differentiate the formal urban and rural areas in the provinces will be according to the administrative divisions of the lower provinces are urban profile is not the centers, which are gatherings of a group of villages correspond to the city in the urban governorates. Moreover it can be the entire province is a city of just one as in the case of Cairo, and Alexandria. And cities divided into districts run by elected local councils. Each province capital are often the largest cities. 
On April 17, 2008 presidential decree was issued as Helwan, and 6 October provinces independent. 
Border disputes 

Shalateen Halaib triangle is a triangle and the Egyptian-Sudanese conflict was dominated by Egypt in 1991 and prevented Sudan from the population census in 2005 and entered in the population of Egypt.